The various types of sensors utilized by AGVs:

• ‌Safety Sensors‌: These are crucial for person detection and comply with stringent international standards. Safety laser scanners are a prominent example, featuring warning and safety fields to mitigate collisions.

• ‌Obstacle Detection Sensors‌: To prevent costly collisions, AGVs employ multi-layer LiDAR sensors, vision cameras with TOF technology, and 3D sensors for comprehensive environment perception.

• ‌Navigation and Localization Sensors‌: Depending on the navigation method, AGVs use sensors like LiDAR, magnetic tape sensors, and cameras. For laser navigation, 2D LiDAR sensors provide precise positioning by detecting reflector marks. Contour navigation uses LiDAR to scan existing contours and localize the vehicle via map comparison.

• ‌Load Handling and Identification Sensors‌: These sensors detect different surfaces and load geometries, ensuring accurate load identification and positioning. Non-contact identification systems enhance goods traceability.

Furthermore, the webpage discusses specific applications such as:

• ‌Forklift AGVs‌ utilizing pallet pocket detectors and fork height sensors for precise load handling.
• ‌Point of Interest (POI) Identification‌ through optical markers, QR codes, and RFID tags for additional locational information.
• ‌Material Identification‌ using RFID, laser-based bar code scanners, and image-based code readers to verify transported materials.

Overall, the webpage underscores the indispensable role of sensors in advancing the capabilities and reliability of AGVs and AMRs within the automated guided vehicle industry.